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Class 12 Botany

Course contents for Class 12 Botany, National Education Board, Nepal. Please click the following topics provided with course links.

1. Concept of plant tissues

2. Anatomy of plant roots

3. Anatomy of plant stems

4. Anatomy of plant leaves

5. Secondary growth in dicotyledonous stems

6. Water relations in plants

7. The basic concept on photosynthesis

8. Respiration in plants

9. Plant hormones or growth regulators or phytohormones

10. Plant growth and movement 

11. Genetic materials and genetic Code 

12. Mendelian genetics

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Concept of Plant Tissues

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The Basic Concept on Photosynthesis

Figure 1  Schematic diagramme of photosynthesis Figure 2 Chloroplast Image source: Kelvinsong, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chloroplast_(standalone_version)-en.svg Figure 3 Light harvesting complex in chloroplast Figure 4 Non-cyclic photophosphorylation Figure 5 Cyclic photophosphorylation Figure 6 Calvin Cycle Image source : https://slcc.pressbooks.pub/collegebiology1/chapter/the-calvin-cycle/   Figure 7 Hatch-Slack Pathway Image source:  https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HatchSlackpathway.svg  Figure 8 Photorespiration Image source: Yikrazuul, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons  https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Photorespiration_allgemein.svg 

Secondary Growth in Dicot Stem

Schematic diagram of primary and secondary growth in dicot stem Image source: https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crescita_primaria_e_secondaria_del_fusto.png#file List of Figures Figure 1. Secondary growth in dicot stem: a. & b. promeristem; c. young stem; d. formation of cambium ring; e. secondary growth in the first year; f. secondary growth in third year. Figure 2. L. S. of Cambium ring showing fusiform and ray initials Figure 3. T. S. of a part of two years old dicot stem showing secondary growth Figure 4. T. S. of trunk showing sapwood and heartwood Figure 5. Secondary growth due to activity of cork cambium