Class 12 Biology (General Stream) Syllabus
MBC Biology shares a syllabus for Class 12 Biology [General Stream], National Education Board, Nepal developed by Curriculum Development Centre, Government of Nepal.
Part A: Botany
1. Plant Anatomy -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.1 Plant anatomy [8]:
Concept of tissues, types of plant tissues [meristems and permanent tissues];
Anatomy of dicot and monocot root, stem and leaf;
Secondary growth of dicot stem.
2. Plant Physiology ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.1 Water relation [4]:
Introduction and significance of - diffusion, osmosis, and plasmolysis, ascent of sap, transpiration and guttation.
2.2 Photosynthesis [5]:
Introduction and significance of photosynthesis, photosynthetic pigments;
Mechanism of photosynthesis [Photochemical phase and Calvin-Benson cycle],
C3 and C4 plants,
photorespiration,
Factors affecting photosynthesis.
2.3 Respiration [5]:
Introduction and significance of respiration, types of respiration, mechanism of respiration [glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport system],
Factors affecting respiration.
2.4 Plant hormones [3]:
Introduction, physiological effects of auxins, gibberellins and Cytokinins.
2.5 Plant growth and Movement [3]:
Concept on seed germination, dormancy, photoperiodism, vernalization, senescence; plant movements [tropic and nastic].
3. Genetics ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.1 Genetic Materials [5]:
Introduction to genetics and genetic materials,
composition, structure and function of DNA and RNA,
DNA replication,
Introduction of genetic code.
3.2 Mendelian genetics [6]:
General terminology,
Mendel’s experiment and laws of inheritance,
Gene interactions [incomplete dominance, codominance].
3.3 Linkage and crossing Over [5]:
Concept and types of linkage [complete and incomplete],
Sex-linked inheritance [colour blindness in man and eye colour of Drosophila],
Concept and significance of crossing over.
3.4 Mutation and polyploidy [5]:
Concept, type [gene and chromosomal mutation], importance of mutation [positive and negative],
Polyploidy [origin and significance].
4. Embryology [8]: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Asexual and sexual reproductions in angiosperms, pollination, fertilization, development of male and female gametophytes,
Development of dicot and monocot embryos,
Concept of endosperm
5. Biotechnology: -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Introduction, tissue culture, plant breeding, disease resistance plants, green manure and biofertilizer, bio-pesticide, genetic engineering and GMOs [genetically modified organisms] and application,
bioengineering,
Food safety and food security.
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Part B: Zoology
6.1 Animal Tissues [8]: -----------------------------------------------------------------------
Introduction; Types of animal tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous [structure, functions & location of different sub-types].
7. Developmental Biology --------------------------------------------------------------------
7.1 Gametogenesis [2]:
Spermatogenesis & Oogenesis.
7.2 Development of frog [4]:
Fertilization & its effects, cleavage, morulation, blastulation, gastrulation, organogenesis – formation of notochord, nerve cord & coelom.
8. Human Biology ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
8.1 Digestive system [2]:
Alimentary canal and digestive glands, physiology of digestion.
8.2 Respiratory System [2]:
Respiratory organs, respiratory mechanism - exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration.
8.3 Circulatory System [4]:
Double circulation [concept], heart [structure and working mechanism], origin and conduction of heartbeat, cardiac cycle, cardiac output,
arterial and venous systems [major arteries and veins],
Blood grouping, blood pressure.
8.4 Excretory System [3]:
Concept of modes of excretion [ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism], excretory organs, mechanism of urine formation.
8.5 Nervous system [3]:
Types of nervous system [central, peripheral & autonomous],
Structure and function of the brain, Origin and conduction of nerve impulse.
8.6 Sense organs [2]:
Structure and functions of eye and ear.
8.7 Endocrinology [9]:
Endocrine glands and hormones – structure & functions of hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads;
Hypo- and hyper-activity and related disorders.
8.8 Reproductive System [3]:
Male and female reproductive organs, ovarian & menstrual cycle.
9. Human Population and Health Disorders -------------------------------------------------
9.1 Human Population [2]:
Growth problem and control strategies, Concept of demographic cycle.
9.2 Health disorders [4]:
Concept of cardiovascular, respiratory & renal disorders;
Substance abuse: Drug, alcohol and smoking abuse.
10. Applied Biology ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
10.1 Application of Zoology [6]:
Tissue and organs transplantation,
In-vitro fertilization [IVF], amniocentesis,
Concept of genetically modified organisms [transgenic animals].
Poultry farming and fish farming.
10.2 Microbial diseases and application of microbiology [10]:
Risk and hazard group of microorganisms.
Introduction, causative agents, symptoms, prevention and control measures of selected human diseases: Typhoid, Tuberculosis and HIV infection, cholera, influenza, hepatitis, candidiasis.
Basic concepts of immunology vaccines.
Application of microorganisms in dairy and beverage industries, microbial contamination of water, sewage and drinking water treatment, bio-control agents and bio-fertilizers.
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