Class 12 Biology (General Stream) Syllabus

 MBC Biology shares a syllabus for Class 12 Biology [General Stream], National Education Board, Nepal developed by Curriculum Development Centre, Government of Nepal. 

Part A: Botany 

1. Plant Anatomy -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.1 Plant anatomy [8]: 

• Concept of tissues, types of plant tissues [meristems and permanent tissues];

• Anatomy of dicot and monocot root, stem and leaf; 

• Secondary growth of dicot stem. 

2. Plant Physiology ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2.1 Water relation [4]: 

• Introduction and significance of - diffusion, osmosis, and plasmolysis, ascent of sap, transpiration and guttation. 

2.2 Photosynthesis [5]: 

• Introduction and significance of photosynthesis, photosynthetic pigments; 

• Mechanism of photosynthesis [Photochemical phase and Calvin-Benson cycle], 

• C3 and C4 plants, 

• photorespiration, 

• Factors affecting photosynthesis.

2.3 Respiration [5]: 

• Introduction and significance of respiration, types of respiration, mechanism of respiration [glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport system],

• Factors affecting respiration.

2.4 Plant hormones [3]: 

• Introduction, physiological effects of auxins, gibberellins and Cytokinins.

2.5 Plant growth and Movement [3]: 

• Concept on seed germination, dormancy, photoperiodism, vernalization, senescence; plant movements [tropic and nastic].

3. Genetics ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.1 Genetic Materials [5]: 

• Introduction to genetics and genetic materials, 

• composition, structure and function of DNA and RNA, 

• DNA replication,

• Introduction of genetic code.

3.2 Mendelian genetics [6]: 

• General terminology, 

• Mendel’s experiment and laws of inheritance, 

• Gene interactions [incomplete dominance, codominance].

3.3 Linkage and crossing Over [5]: 

• Concept and types of linkage [complete and   incomplete], 

• Sex-linked inheritance [colour blindness in man and eye colour of Drosophila], 

• Concept and significance of crossing over.

3.4 Mutation and polyploidy [5]: 

• Concept, type [gene and chromosomal mutation], importance of mutation [positive and negative], 

• Polyploidy [origin and significance].

4. Embryology [8]: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

• Asexual and sexual reproductions in angiosperms, pollination, fertilization, development of male and female gametophytes, 

• Development of dicot and monocot embryos, 

• Concept of endosperm

5. Biotechnology: -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

• Introduction, tissue culture, plant breeding, disease resistance plants, green manure and biofertilizer, bio-pesticide, genetic engineering and GMOs [genetically modified organisms] and application, 

• bioengineering, 

• Food safety and food security.

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Part B: Zoology

6.1 Animal Tissues [8]: -----------------------------------------------------------------------

• Introduction; Types of animal tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous [structure, functions & location of different sub-types].

7. Developmental Biology --------------------------------------------------------------------

7.1 Gametogenesis [2]: 

• Spermatogenesis & Oogenesis.

7.2 Development of frog [4]: 

• Fertilization & its effects, cleavage, morulation, blastulation, gastrulation, organogenesis – formation of notochord, nerve cord & coelom.

8. Human Biology ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

8.1 Digestive system [2]: 

• Alimentary canal and digestive glands, physiology of digestion.

8.2 Respiratory System [2]:

• Respiratory organs, respiratory mechanism - exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration.

8.3 Circulatory System [4]:

• Double circulation [concept], heart [structure and working mechanism], origin and conduction of heartbeat, cardiac cycle, cardiac output,

• arterial and venous systems [major arteries and veins],

• Blood grouping, blood pressure.

8.4 Excretory System [3]: 

• Concept of modes of excretion [ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism], excretory organs, mechanism of urine formation.

8.5 Nervous system [3]: 

• Types of nervous system [central, peripheral & autonomous], 

• Structure and function of the brain, Origin and conduction of nerve impulse.

8.6 Sense organs [2]: 

• Structure and functions of eye and ear.

8.7 Endocrinology [9]:

• Endocrine glands and hormones – structure & functions of hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads; 

• Hypo- and hyper-activity and related disorders.

8.8 Reproductive System [3]: 

• Male and female reproductive organs, ovarian & menstrual cycle.

9. Human Population and Health Disorders -------------------------------------------------

9.1 Human Population [2]: 

• Growth problem and control strategies, Concept of demographic cycle.

9.2 Health disorders [4]: 

• Concept of cardiovascular, respiratory & renal disorders; 

• Substance abuse: Drug, alcohol and smoking abuse.

10. Applied Biology ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

10.1 Application of Zoology [6]: 

• Tissue and organs transplantation,

• In-vitro fertilization [IVF], amniocentesis, 

• Concept of genetically modified organisms [transgenic animals]. 

• Poultry farming and fish farming.

10.2 Microbial diseases and application of microbiology [10]: 

• Risk and hazard group of microorganisms. 

• Introduction, causative agents, symptoms, prevention and control measures of selected human diseases: Typhoid, Tuberculosis and HIV infection, cholera, influenza, hepatitis, candidiasis. 

• Basic concepts of immunology vaccines.

• Application of microorganisms in dairy and beverage industries, microbial contamination of water, sewage and drinking water treatment, bio-control agents and bio-fertilizers.

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