MBC BIOLOGY

Figure 14 Different types of cells and fibres in connective tissue Image source: Keshari and Ghimire. 2023. A Textbook of Biology. Vidyarthi Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu, Nepal. Figure 15 Different tissues of connective tissue proper Image source: Keshari and Ghimire. 2023. A Textbook of Biology. Vidyarthi Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu, Nepal. Figure 16 Different types of cartilages Image source: Keshari and Ghimire. 2023. A Textbook of Biology. Vidyarthi Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu, Nepal. Figure 17 Different structures in bone Image source: Keshari and Ghimire. 2023. A Textbook of Biology. Vidyarthi Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu, Nepal. Figure 18 Components of blood Image source: Keshari and Ghimire. 2023. A Textbook of Biology. Vidyarthi Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu, Nepal.  

Figure 1-4 Simple epithelium: 1A. & 1B. simple squamous epithelium; 2A. simple cuboidal cells; 2B. ciliated cuboidal cells; 2C. brush-bordered cuboidal cells; 3A. columnar epithelium; 3B. ciliated columnar cells; 3C. brush-bordered columnar cells; 4. pseudostratified epithelium   Figure 5-8 Stratified or compound epithelium: 5A. Stratified squamous epithelium; 5B. Nonkeratinized cells ; 5C. Keratinized cells ; 6. Stratified cuboidal epithelium; 7. Stratified columnar epithelium; 8. Transitional epithelium.    Figure 9. Modified epithelium: 9 A. Ciliated epithelium; 9 B. Sensory epithelium Figure 10 A. unicellular exocrine glands; 10 B. multicellular exocrine glands Figure 11 A. Exocrine gland; 11 B. Endocrine gland. Figure 12 Simple and compound glands: 12 A. simple tubular; 12 B. simple coiled tubular; 12 C. simple branched tubular; 12 D. simple alveolar; 12 E. simple branched alveolar glands. 12 F. compound tubular; 12 G. compound alveolar; 12 H. compound...

Schematic diagram of primary and secondary growth in dicot stem  Image source: https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crescita_primaria_e_secondaria_del_fusto.png#file Q.N. 1. Define secondary growth in plants. Describe the secondary growth due to the activity of vascular cambium. The process of formation of extra layers or secondary tissues due to activity of vascular cambium and cork cambium for increasing girth or thickness or diameter of plant is called secondary growth. It takes place in stellar regions due to the activity of vascular cambium (see Figure 1 ) and in extra-stellar regions due to the activity of cork cambium (see Figure 5 ). Secondary growth in stellar regions due to the activity of cork cambium Secondary growth due to activity of vascular cambium takes place by the formation of a cambium ring , formation of secondary tissues , formation of annual rings or growth rings , and formation of heartwood and sapwood . Formation of cambium ring The dicot stem has a...

Isobilateral leaves of Paddy ( Oryza sativa ) Image source: MB Chand

Flat beans Image source:Sengai Podhuvan, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons Anatomy of Dicot and Monocot Stem Q.N. 1. Describe the anatomy or internal structure of the dicot stem.  Primary dicot stem consists of epidermis , hypodermis , cortex , endodermis , pericycle , vascular bundles , medullary rays or pith rays , and pith or medulla (see Figure 3 ). 1. Epidermis Epidermis is the outermost layer of the stem. It is composed of elongated, barrel-shaped parenchymatous cells without intercellular spaces . It is covered externally by a cuticle . Stomata and several unbranched multicellular hairs or trichomes are also present . Each stoma has a pai r of specialized kidney-shaped cells, guard cells . Epidermis helps in protection of internal tissues, exchange of gases through stomata, reduces the rate of surface transpiration by cuticle, prevents the entry of harmful organisms and heat insulation by epidermal hairs. 2. Hypodermi...

Prop Roots of Maize License: Jamain, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons Anatomy of Dicot and Monocot Root Q. N. 1. Describe the anatomy or internal structure of the dicot root. A young dicot root possesses epiblema, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular bundles, conjunctive tissues, and pith (see Figure 12 ).  1. Epiblema Epiblema is the outermost part of root. It is made of a single layer of thin-walled, radially elongated parenchymatous cells without intercellular spaces . It lacks cuticles and stomata . Some of its elongated cells form root hairs, which are unicellular tubular outgrowths. Due to the presence of root hairs, epiblema is also known as piliferous layer. It is also called rhizodermis. Root hairs help in absorption of water and mineral salts from soil.   2. Cortex Cortex is a zone below the epiblema of roots. It is made of a few layers of thin-walled, oval, rounded or angular parenchyma with i...